Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment – a deep dive into revitalizing your outboard’s coronary heart. This complete information explores the method, from preliminary analysis to last reassembly, guaranteeing your boat’s engine hums with renewed vigor. We’ll unravel the complexities of the decrease unit, illuminating the essential parts and steps concerned. Uncover the secrets and techniques to a clean, environment friendly, and highly effective marine expertise.
Understanding put on and tear, evaluating rebuild kits, and guaranteeing a profitable restore are all tackled right here.
This information delves into the intricate world of Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild kits, offering a sensible, step-by-step method. It particulars every little thing from the important parts to superior troubleshooting strategies. Geared up with this information, you may be well-prepared to sort out the restore course of confidently and successfully. We’ll stroll you thru all the process, making it approachable for all ability ranges.
Introduction to Yamaha 150 Decrease Unit Rebuild Kits
The Yamaha 150 outboard motor is a well-liked alternative for leisure boating, recognized for its dependable efficiency and sturdy construct. Its decrease unit, the essential element for propulsion, is a posh system of gears, bearings, seals, and impellers. Correct upkeep and care are very important to its longevity.A decrease unit rebuild equipment is important for restoring optimum efficiency when put on and tear inevitably take their toll.
Elements like corrosion, cavitation, and improper upkeep contribute to the degradation of the decrease unit parts, demanding a radical overhaul. That is the place a well-chosen rebuild equipment turns into vital.
Typical Put on and Tear Points
Decrease unit parts expertise gradual put on from constant use and publicity to harsh environmental components. Corrosion, notably in saltwater environments, is a major concern. Fixed vibration and water stress result in the gradual deterioration of bearings, seals, and gears. Improper upkeep, similar to neglecting common oil adjustments or failing to deal with minor leaks, can exacerbate these points.
These points usually necessitate a rebuild to revive the decrease unit to peak efficiency.
Significance of Utilizing a Real or Excessive-High quality Rebuild Equipment
Utilizing a real or high-quality rebuild equipment is paramount for reaching optimum efficiency and lengthening the lifetime of the decrease unit. A high quality equipment ensures compatibility and correct perform. Poor high quality kits could not meet the exacting specs of the Yamaha 150 decrease unit, resulting in untimely failure and doubtlessly pricey repairs down the road. The fee distinction between a high-quality equipment and an inexpensive, inferior one may be justified by the long-term financial savings and peace of thoughts.
Frequent Signs Indicating a Decrease Unit Rebuild
A number of telltale indicators can point out the necessity for a decrease unit rebuild. Uncommon noises, similar to grinding, clicking, or whining, usually signify worn-out bearings or gears. Leaking fluids, whether or not oil or water, are one other essential symptom. Decreased efficiency, similar to sluggish acceleration or a lower in total energy, might also counsel a failing decrease unit. Important vibration or a noticeable change within the motor’s working temperature usually point out issues that require an entire rebuild.
Comparability of Decrease Unit Rebuild Kits
| Function | OEM (Authentic Gear Producer) | Aftermarket |
|---|---|---|
| Value | Typically greater | Usually decrease |
| Compatibility | Assured match and performance | Could require cautious choice |
| High quality | Meets stringent Yamaha specs | High quality varies considerably; some are glorious, others much less dependable |
| Guarantee | Usually included or supported by seller | Restricted or no guarantee |
| Components Availability | Normally accessible | Could also be tougher to seek out alternative components if crucial |
This desk supplies a concise overview of the important thing variations between OEM and aftermarket decrease unit rebuild kits. Think about the long-term value, reliability, and guarantee when making your determination. OEM kits supply peace of thoughts, whereas aftermarket choices can lower your expenses if the standard is assured.
Components and Elements of a Yamaha 150 Decrease Unit Rebuild Equipment
A Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment is sort of a meticulously crafted toolbox on your outboard motor’s underwater equipment. Inside, you may discover every little thing wanted to revive its clean, environment friendly operation, guaranteeing years of dependable efficiency on the water. This complete equipment addresses all of the essential parts, from the intricate gears to the very important seals, enabling you to carry out a radical restore.This information delves into the important components inside a typical Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment.
Understanding these parts is essential to a profitable rebuild, and a well-executed restore will give you a greater understanding of your outboard motor’s internal workings.
Essential Elements
A Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment comprises a group of important components, every taking part in a significant position within the motor’s perform. These components are meticulously chosen to revive optimum efficiency.
- Gears: These parts transmit energy from the engine to the propeller, guaranteeing environment friendly propulsion. Correct gear alignment and performance are vital for a clean trip and optimum gasoline effectivity. Broken gears will result in inefficient thrust and potential injury to different parts.
- Bearings: Bearings present clean rotation for shifting components, decreasing friction and put on. Correctly functioning bearings be certain that all shifting components rotate easily and effectively, decreasing pressure and potential injury.
- Seals: Seals forestall water and particles from getting into the decrease unit, defending inside parts from corrosion and injury. They’re essential in sustaining the motor’s integrity and longevity. Broken seals can result in water intrusion, which ends up in rust, corrosion, and eventual element failure.
- Shafts: Shafts are the connecting rods that switch energy from the engine to the propeller. They play a vital position within the clean and environment friendly operation of the decrease unit.
- Impeller: The impeller is an important element chargeable for drawing water by the decrease unit and directing it out, which generates the thrust required to maneuver the boat. A broken impeller can result in inefficient water circulation and decreased thrust.
Categorized Elements
The next desk Artikels the important thing parts included in a typical Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment, categorized for simpler understanding.
| Class | Element | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Gears | Gear Set | Transmits energy from the engine to the propeller. |
| Bearings | Ball/Curler Bearings | Guarantee clean rotation of shifting components, decreasing friction and put on. |
| Seals | Water Seals, Oil Seals | Forestall water and particles from getting into the decrease unit, defending inside parts. |
| Different Elements | Impeller, Shafts, Bushings, and {Hardware} | Important parts for the sleek operation of the decrease unit, and sustaining its structural integrity. |
Kinds of Seals, Bearings, and Gears
Numerous varieties of seals, bearings, and gears are sometimes included in a rebuild equipment, catering to totally different purposes and necessities.
- Seals: Single lip, double lip, and O-rings are widespread varieties, every designed for particular capabilities and purposes. The choice of the proper seal sort is vital for efficient water resistance and long-term efficiency.
- Bearings: Ball bearings and curler bearings are sometimes included, every providing particular advantages by way of load capability and smoothness. The selection depends upon the particular utility and necessities.
- Gears: Totally different gear units is likely to be included relying on the mannequin and utility. They’re vital for environment friendly energy switch and clean operation.
Beneficial Instruments
The next desk lists the instruments generally wanted for a profitable rebuild. A well-equipped toolbox is essential for a secure and environment friendly rebuild.
| Software Class | Particular Instruments |
|---|---|
| Measurement | Micrometers, Calipers, Wrenches, and Screwdrivers |
| Cleansing | Wire Brushes, Cleansing Solvents |
| Meeting | Torque Wrenches, Set up Instruments |
Steps in a Yamaha 150 Decrease Unit Rebuild
Getting your Yamaha 150 decrease unit again in tip-top form is a rewarding expertise. It is a testomony to your mechanical aptitude and a vital step in guaranteeing your boat’s efficiency and longevity. This information will stroll you thru the disassembly, inspection, alternative of worn components, reassembly, and correct lubrication—important for a profitable rebuild.
Disassembling the Decrease Unit
Correct disassembly is the inspiration of a profitable rebuild. Rigorously take away any exterior parts just like the prop, shaft, and entry panels. This methodical method prevents injury to the unit’s inside mechanisms. Use applicable instruments and proceed with precision to keep away from damaging delicate components.
- Take away the prop nut and propeller.
- Rigorously take away the entry panels, being attentive to their place and any retaining clips.
- Disconnect the shift linkage and every other exterior connections.
- Utilizing an appropriate device, rigorously separate the decrease unit from the outboard motor’s higher portion.
- Pay attention to the positioning of every element and any particular fasteners.
Inspecting and Changing Worn Components
An intensive inspection is essential. Visible examination and cautious checks for put on, injury, and corrosion are important steps. This part Artikels the method of inspecting vital components and changing people who present indicators of degradation.
- Examine the gears, shafts, bearings, and seals for put on, cracks, or injury.
- Study the impellers for put on and tear. Substitute them if they’re broken or present indicators of cavitation.
- Test the situation of the gaskets and seals. Substitute worn or broken ones for a correct seal.
- Consider the situation of the decrease unit’s bearings. Substitute if they’re worn or exhibit indicators of harm.
Reassembling the Decrease Unit
Reassembly is the inverse of disassembly. Precision and the proper order are very important for guaranteeing correct perform. Utilizing right torque specs is paramount. This meticulous process ensures the decrease unit’s optimum efficiency.
- Place the parts of their unique positions, aligning them precisely.
- Apply applicable gaskets and seals.
- Reinstall the entry panels and every other exterior parts.
- Reconnect the shift linkage and every other exterior connections.
- Reattach the decrease unit to the outboard motor’s higher portion. Guarantee a safe match.
Lubricating Elements
Correct lubrication is significant for long-lasting efficiency and clean operation. Making use of the proper lubricants to the designated areas ensures clean motion of components and minimizes friction.
- Apply an appropriate grease to all bearings and shafts.
- Lubricate the gears and impellers with the proper lubricant. Use the suitable gear oil for optimum efficiency.
- Rigorously apply a skinny movie of lubricant to the seals.
Abstract Desk
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| Disassembly | Take away exterior parts, entry panels, and linkages. Separate decrease unit. |
| Inspection | Examine gears, shafts, bearings, seals, impellers, gaskets. |
| Alternative | Substitute worn or broken components. |
| Reassembly | Place parts, apply seals, reinstall exterior components. Securely connect decrease unit. |
| Lubrication | Apply grease to bearings, gear oil to gears, lubricant to seals. |
Troubleshooting and Frequent Points
Rebuilding a decrease unit is a rewarding expertise, but it surely’s additionally essential to anticipate potential issues and know tackle them successfully. Correct troubleshooting can prevent time, frustration, and doubtlessly pricey repairs down the street. Understanding widespread pitfalls and understanding determine broken parts is essential to a profitable rebuild.
Potential Issues In the course of the Rebuild Course of
Cautious dealing with of parts through the rebuild course of is paramount. Incorrectly aligned or broken components can result in leaks, untimely put on, and total efficiency points. Pay shut consideration to torque specs for fasteners and guarantee all parts are accurately positioned. Over-tightening or under-tightening can result in severe points.
Frequent Errors to Keep away from
One widespread mistake is neglecting correct cleansing and inspection of parts earlier than reassembly. Contaminated components or neglected injury could cause vital issues later. Completely clear all parts with applicable solvents and examine them for any indicators of damage, injury, or misalignment. One other mistake is speeding by the method. Taking your time and double-checking your work will prevent time in the long term and show you how to keep away from pointless repairs.
Troubleshooting Steps for Numerous Points
Troubleshooting includes systematically figuring out and addressing issues. If a leak develops, test for free connections, broken seals, or incorrect gasket placement. If misalignment happens, confirm the correct positioning of all parts, guaranteeing they’re of their right orientation. Pay shut consideration to the alignment of the gearcase, the propeller shaft, and the bearing housing.
Figuring out Broken Elements Past Restore
Broken parts that can’t be repaired must be changed. If a bearing exhibits vital put on or pitting, it is probably broken past restore. A severely cracked housing or shaft that’s severely bent can’t be successfully repaired and must be changed with a brand new one. Search for indicators of extreme put on, pitting, cracks, or bends. Think about consulting a restore handbook or contacting a certified mechanic for steerage on evaluating the extent of harm.
Desk of Potential Issues, Causes, and Options
| Potential Downside | Potential Causes | Options |
|---|---|---|
| Leaks | Free connections, broken seals, incorrect gasket placement, improper torque | Tighten connections, change seals, guarantee right gasket placement, confirm torque specs |
| Misalignment | Incorrect positioning of parts, broken bearings, bent shafts | Reposition parts, change broken bearings, change bent shafts |
| Poor efficiency | Incorrect element alignment, broken gears, worn bearings, clogged cooling system | Test alignment, change broken gears, change worn bearings, clear cooling system |
| Noise | Free parts, broken bearings, misaligned gears | Tighten free parts, change broken bearings, realign gears |
Upkeep and Preventative Measures
Retaining your Yamaha 150 decrease unit in tip-top form is essential for longevity and optimum efficiency. Common upkeep is not nearly avoiding breakdowns; it is about maximizing your funding and guaranteeing pleasurable boating experiences. Proactive care interprets to fewer pricey repairs and extra time on the water.Correct upkeep is a cornerstone of profitable boating. It is like investing in a well-maintained automotive; common maintenance interprets into higher gasoline effectivity, decreased restore prices, and extra dependable efficiency.
By understanding and implementing the really useful upkeep schedule, you are guaranteeing your Yamaha 150 decrease unit operates at peak effectivity for years to come back.
Greatest Practices for Sustaining a Yamaha 150 Decrease Unit
Common lubrication and inspections are key to stopping untimely put on. Addressing potential points early on prevents pricey repairs down the street. By establishing a routine upkeep schedule, you are setting the stage for a trouble-free boating season. Constant vigilance is the most effective protection in opposition to sudden issues.
Beneficial Upkeep Schedule
A well-defined upkeep schedule is significant for the long-term well being of your Yamaha 150 decrease unit. This schedule supplies a roadmap for routine checks and preventative actions, maximizing the unit’s lifespan and minimizing the probability of sudden failures. Consider it as a roadmap to a clean crusing expertise.
Significance of Common Lubrication and Inspections
Common lubrication ensures that each one shifting components are adequately coated with lubricant, decreasing friction and put on. That is vital for sustaining clean operation and lengthening the lifetime of the unit. Inspections permit for early detection of potential issues, similar to leaks or injury, which may be addressed promptly. Proactive upkeep is the most effective method to make sure optimum efficiency.
Guidelines for Routine Decrease Unit Upkeep
This guidelines supplies a structured method to routine upkeep, guaranteeing all vital parts obtain the required consideration. Common checks and correct lubrication are important for the continued well being and efficiency of your Yamaha 150 decrease unit. A well-maintained decrease unit is a cheerful decrease unit.
- Visually examine the decrease unit for any indicators of harm, put on, or leaks.
- Test the lubricant ranges in all related parts (e.g., gear case, bearings). Guarantee sufficient lubrication.
- Study the propeller for injury or corrosion. Guarantee it’s securely mounted.
- Clear any particles or contaminants from the decrease unit housing.
- Test the situation of the impeller and related parts for put on or injury.
Complete Upkeep Schedule
The next desk Artikels a complete upkeep schedule on your Yamaha 150 decrease unit. Adhering to this schedule will contribute to its longevity and optimum efficiency. Consistency is essential to maintaining your decrease unit comfortable.
| Upkeep Job | Frequency | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Visible Inspection | Weekly | Test for leaks, injury, and weird noises. |
| Lubrication | Each 50 hours of operation | Apply applicable lubricant to all shifting components. |
| Impeller inspection | Each 100 hours of operation | Examine the impeller for put on or injury. |
| Full Decrease Unit Inspection | Yearly | Thorough inspection of all parts, together with seals, gaskets, and bearings. |
Value Issues and Price range
Determining the monetary aspect of a decrease unit rebuild is essential. Figuring out the potential prices, evaluating them to a brand new unit, and understanding the ROI (return on funding) helps make the most effective determination. This part delves into the varied components affecting the value tag of a Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild, enabling knowledgeable selections.The price of a decrease unit rebuild is usually a deciding issue between restore and alternative.
Understanding the potential financial savings (or losses) related to a rebuild is important. Elements like labor prices, components availability, and the situation of the prevailing decrease unit all play a job within the last worth. This evaluation will illuminate the monetary implications of this significant upkeep step.
Estimating the General Value
A Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment encompasses numerous parts, every contributing to the general worth. Pricing depends upon the particular equipment chosen, reflecting the components included. Labor prices, from dismantling to reassembly, are vital. An expert mechanic’s time and experience are very important to make sure a high quality rebuild, resulting in a predictable and reliable consequence. Anticipate labor prices to differ primarily based on location, mechanic expertise, and the complexity of the job.
Evaluating Rebuild Equipment Prices to New Decrease Items
A brand new decrease unit gives a brand-new, factory-fresh half, promising longevity and efficiency. Nonetheless, this comes with a better price ticket. A rebuild equipment, alternatively, repairs the prevailing unit, providing vital value financial savings. To make a financially sound determination, a cautious comparability of the costs for each choices is important.
Figuring out Monetary Advantage of a Rebuild
A rebuild is financially helpful when the price of the rebuild equipment and labor is considerably lower than the price of a brand new decrease unit. If the situation of the prevailing decrease unit shouldn’t be severely compromised, a rebuild could be a sensible, economical alternative. Cautious analysis of the situation of worn components is important to find out if a rebuild is possible and worthwhile.
Think about components such because the age and utilization historical past of the outboard.
Desk Evaluating Rebuild Equipment Choices
| Rebuild Equipment Choice | Estimated Equipment Value | Estimated Labor Value | Estimated Whole Value | Estimated Financial savings In comparison with New Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Rebuild Equipment | $300 – $500 | $200 – $400 | $500 – $900 | $500 – $1000 (instance primarily based on new unit worth) |
| Premium Rebuild Equipment | $500 – $800 | $250 – $500 | $750 – $1300 | $700 – $1200 (instance primarily based on new unit worth) |
| Complete Rebuild Equipment | $800 – $1200 | $300 – $600 | $1100 – $1800 | $900 – $1500 (instance primarily based on new unit worth) |
Notice: Costs are estimates and will differ primarily based on location, mechanic’s experience, and particular components required. An in depth quote from a certified mechanic is extremely really useful earlier than making a last determination.
Selecting the Proper Yamaha 150 Decrease Unit Rebuild Equipment
Choosing the proper decrease unit rebuild equipment on your Yamaha 150 is essential for a clean, long-lasting efficiency on the water. It is like choosing the proper engine components on your automotive; the incorrect equipment can result in pricey repairs down the street. Cautious consideration and a little bit of analysis will prevent time, cash, and frustration.Understanding the nuances of various rebuild kits, their high quality, and the precise provider is important for making an knowledgeable determination.
The fitting equipment will guarantee your decrease unit capabilities flawlessly, extending the lifetime of your worthwhile outboard.
Elements to Think about When Deciding on a Rebuild Equipment
Deciding on a rebuild equipment is not simply concerning the lowest worth; it is about discovering a steadiness between high quality, worth, and compatibility. Think about these essential components:
- High quality: Search for kits from respected producers recognized for his or her precision and sturdy parts. Test for supplies used, guaranteeing they meet or exceed business requirements. A better-quality equipment usually interprets to fewer future issues and an extended lifespan.
- Value: Whereas value is necessary, do not sacrifice high quality for a cut price. Evaluate the options and parts of various kits to make sure you’re getting worth on your cash. Typically, a barely greater worth displays using premium supplies and a greater guarantee.
- Compatibility: Affirm the rebuild equipment is particularly designed on your Yamaha 150 decrease unit mannequin. Mismatched components can result in points and doubtlessly void warranties.
Evaluating Totally different Manufacturers of Rebuild Kits
The market gives quite a lot of rebuild equipment manufacturers, every with its strengths and weaknesses. Evaluating manufacturers means that you can discover the most effective match on your wants.
- Real Yamaha Components: Whereas usually the costliest possibility, these kits assure exact match and performance, aligning with the producer’s specs. They usually include a guaranty, offering peace of thoughts. Nonetheless, the associated fee may be considerably greater in comparison with aftermarket choices.
- Respected Aftermarket Manufacturers: Many respected aftermarket manufacturers supply high-quality rebuild kits at aggressive costs. Thorough analysis and critiques may help you determine manufacturers that constantly ship good efficiency and reliability. Evaluate options and warranties to make the only option.
Respected Suppliers for Real or Excessive-High quality Rebuild Kits
Discovering a reliable provider is as necessary as deciding on the equipment itself. Respected suppliers make sure you get genuine or high-quality merchandise.
- Licensed Yamaha Sellers: These sellers have entry to real Yamaha components, and sometimes have skilled technicians who can present worthwhile insights and help through the rebuild course of. Nonetheless, they might not supply the widest vary of selections.
- On-line Retailers with Constructive Suggestions: On-line marketplaces present a broader choice of kits, doubtlessly at aggressive costs. Pay shut consideration to the vendor’s fame and buyer critiques earlier than making a purchase order. Search for detailed descriptions and guarantee data.
Examples of Totally different Rebuild Equipment Choices
Listed here are a couple of examples of various rebuild equipment choices accessible for a Yamaha 150 decrease unit:
- Choice 1 (Price range-Pleasant): An aftermarket equipment from a good model, providing steadiness of high quality and cost-effectiveness. It might need barely fewer included parts in comparison with a premium equipment.
- Choice 2 (Premium High quality): A real Yamaha rebuild equipment, guaranteeing exact match and optimum efficiency. The upper worth displays premium parts and guarantee.
- Choice 3 (Mid-Vary): A rebuild equipment from a recognized model that provides compromise between worth and high quality. It often comes with most important components for a whole rebuild.
Abstract Desk of Rebuild Equipment Choices
This desk summarizes the professionals and cons of various rebuild equipment choices:
| Choice | High quality | Value | Compatibility | Professionals | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real Yamaha | Wonderful | Excessive | Wonderful | Assured match, efficiency, guarantee | Excessive value |
| Respected Aftermarket | Good | Reasonable | Wonderful | Good worth, wider choice | Probably restricted guarantee |
| Price range Aftermarket | Truthful | Low | Wonderful | Reasonably priced possibility | Potential for high quality points, restricted guarantee |
Visible Aids and Illustrations
Getting your fingers soiled with a Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild is simpler than you suppose, and visible aids are your finest buddies. Clear diagrams and footage could make the entire course of considerably much less daunting. These instruments will information you thru every step, highlighting vital parts and procedures.
Detailed Diagrams of Decrease Unit Elements, Yamaha 150 decrease unit rebuild equipment
Visible representations of the decrease unit’s inside parts are essential for understanding the intricate components. Detailed diagrams ought to clearly label each gear, bearing, seal, and shaft. These diagrams may be exploded views, exhibiting every half individually, or meeting views, illustrating how they match collectively. A complete diagram will help you determine components simply through the rebuild course of.
This readability is important for accurately assembling the decrease unit, stopping pricey errors.
Eradicating and Changing Elements with Clear Illustrations
Visible steps are invaluable for eradicating and changing parts. Every step must be illustrated with a labeled {photograph} or drawing, showcasing the particular instruments wanted and the precise process. A collection of images exhibiting the removing of a worn-out gear and the set up of a brand new one, accompanied by clear directions, would enormously support the method. The illustrations must also level out potential pitfalls, like guaranteeing correct alignment or using particular torque values.
Checking for Put on and Tear with Visible Examples
Visible examples of damage and tear are important for recognizing potential issues. Images showcasing the indicators of extreme put on on bearings, seals, and gears are extremely useful. Evaluate these photographs with your individual decrease unit to determine any indicators of degradation. As an illustration, a photograph of a worn-out gear with noticeable pitting may help you determine the necessity for alternative earlier than it causes additional injury.
Understanding the visible cues will forestall pricey repairs in a while.
Frequent Instruments for the Rebuild Course of
Pictures of the instruments required for the rebuild will streamline the method. A visible information with pictures of widespread instruments like screwdrivers, pliers, sockets, and torque wrenches will show you how to put together and choose the required gear. The photographs must also clearly point out the sizes and varieties of instruments required, and their correct use. This step helps you assemble the precise toolkit for a clean and efficient rebuild.
Desk Exhibiting Illustrations of Particular Elements
A desk showcasing photographs of particular parts shall be a terrific reference. This desk ought to clearly listing parts like bearings, seals, gears, and shafts, every with a corresponding picture. Every picture ought to embrace a transparent label of the half’s title. This desk serves as a fast visible information, making the rebuild extra accessible. For instance, you’ll be able to shortly determine the particular seal required for the strict tube.
| Element | Picture | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bearing | [Image of bearing] | Vital for clean rotation; search for indicators of damage. |
| Seal | [Image of seal] | Important for stopping water ingress; examine for cracks or injury. |
| Gear | [Image of gear] | Energy transmission; study for pitting or extreme put on. |
| Shaft | [Image of shaft] | Structural element; test for cracks or injury. |
